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Mahatma Gandhi

BiographyOf Mahatma Gandhi : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2,1869 in Porbandar, India. He became one of the most respected spiritualand political leaders of the 1900′s. GandhiJi helped free the Indianpeople from British rule through nonviolent resistance, and is honoredby Indians as the father of the Indian Nation.

The Indian peoplecalled Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’, meaning Great Soul. At the age of 13 Gandhimarried Kasturba, a girl the same age. Their parents arranged themarriage. The Gandhis had four children. Gandhi studied law in Londonand returned to India in 1891 to practice. In 1893 he took on aone-year contract to do legal work in South Africa.

At the timethe British controlled South Africa. When he attempted to claim hisrights as a British subject he was abused, and soon saw that allIndians suffered similar treatment. Gandhi stayed in South Africa for21 years working to secure rights for Indian people.

Hedeveloped a method of action based upon the principles of courage,nonviolence and truth called Satyagraha. He believed that the waypeople behave is more important than what they achieve. Satyagrahapromoted nonviolence and civil disobedience as the most appropriatemethods for obtaining political and social goals. In 1915 Gandhireturned to India. Within 15 years he became the leader of the Indiannationalist movement.

Using the principles of Satyagraha he ledthe campaign for Indian independence from Britain. Gandhi was arrestedmany times by the British for his activities in South Africa and India.He believed it was honorable to go to jail for a just cause. Altogetherhe spent seven years in prison for his political activities.

Morethan once Gandhi used fasting to impress upon others the need to benonviolent. India was granted independence in 1947, and partitionedinto India and Pakistan. Rioting between Hindus and Muslims followed.Gandhi had been an advocate for a united India where Hindus and Muslimslived together in peace.

On January 13, 1948, at the age of 78,he began a fast with the purpose of stopping the bloodshed. After 5days the opposing leaders pledged to stop the fighting and Gandhi brokehis fast. Twelve days later a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse who opposedhis program of tolerance for all creeds and religion assassinated him.

ThatIndia opted for an entirely original path to solving this crisis andobtaining swaraj (independence) was due largely to Gandhi, commonlyknown as “Mahatma” (or Great Soul) or, as he himself preferred,”Gandhiji” (an honorific term for Gandhi). A native of Gujarat who hadbeen educated in Britain, he was an obscure and unsuccessful provinciallawyer. Gandhi had accepted an invitation in 1893 to representindentured Indian laborers in South Africa, where he stayed on for morethan twenty years, emerging ultimately as the voice and conscience ofthousands who had been subjected to blatant racial discrimination. Hereturned to India in 1915, virtually a stranger to public life but”fired with a religious vision of a new India, whose swaraj . . . would[be] a moral reformation of a whole people which would either convertthe British also or render their Raj impossible by Indian withdrawal ofsupport for it and its modern values,” according to historian Judith M.Brown.

Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and strategies of nonviolentcivil disobedience (satyagraha–see Glossary), first applied during hisSouth Africa days, initially appeared impractical to many educatedIndians. In Gandhi’s own words, “Civil disobedience is civil breach ofunmoral statutory enactments,” but as he viewed it, it had to becarried out nonviolently by withdrawing cooperation with the corruptstate. Observers realized Gandhi’s political potential when he used thesatyagraha during the anti-Rowlatt Acts protests in Punjab. In 1920,under Gandhi’s leadership, the Congress was reorganized and given a newconstitution, whose goal was swaraj . Membership in the party wasopened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy ofcommittees–from district, to province, to all-India–was establishedand made responsible for discipline and control over a hithertoamorphous and diffuse movement. During his first nationwide satyagraha,Gandhi urged the people to boycott British education institutions, lawcourts, and products (in favor of swadeshi ); to resign from governmentemployment; to refuse to pay taxes; and to forsake British titles andhonors. The party was transformed from an elite organization to one ofmass national appeal.

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